Present Participle Indefinite may express an action:

. a) simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb;

b)    referring to the present irrespective of the time of the

action expressed by the finite verb; .    .    '

c)    having no reference to any particular time;

d)    preceding that expressed by the finite verb if these

actions closely follow each other......

Perfect Participle is used to express an action preceding

that expressed by the finite verb.

Present Participle Active is used when the noun or pronoun it refers to denotes the subject of the action expressed by the participle. Present Participle Passive shows that the noun or pronoun it refers to denotes an object of the action expressed by the participle.

Past Participle has only one form which is passive in meaning.

In most cases the action expressed by Past Participle precedes that of the finite verb.    -

ФУНКЦИЙ ПРИЧАСТИЯ В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

§ 214. Present Participle Active употребляется в функции определения. При атом единичное причастие ставится перед определяемым существительным, апричастиес зависящими от него словами (participle phrase) — после определяемого существительного:    i    .    ,    ,

The rising sun was hidden. Восходящее солнце закрыва- by the clouds.    ли тучи.

Thp girl pointed to a' group    Девушка указала на группу

of women sitting in the    женщин, сидящих в углу

corner of the room. (Heym)    комнаты.

Present Participle Active употребляется такрсе в функции обстоятельств (времени, причины, способа действия):

Entering the room, she saw Войдя в комнату, она увиде- her sister there.    ла там свою сестру.

Then she stopped suddenly    Тогда она вдруг останови-

remembering the presence of    лась, вспомнив о присут-

the children. (Dreiser)    ствии детей.

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